Should West Papua Region Separate From NKRI?

Argumentative Essay
Writing and Composotion 4

Introduction

            This paper argues why West Papua Region (WPR) should still be integrated to the NKRI because of two reasons, namely politics and history. Through history can be seen that what happened in WPR in before 2014 such as various of conflicts, murder, human rights violations. Essentially what have made WPR is still so far from peacefulness like above is not about welfare there, the main cause is about region's sabotage that is done out by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to the Netherlands (Youth pledge – New York Agreement – Pepera). The long fora have been done by Indonesia in order to keep WPR in NKRI or it could be referred to retake WPR from colonists. The role politics plays a role among developed countries in fighting WPR from Indonesia, such as Netherlands, America (Freeport), and England (BP).

At the time we look back what actually happened in WPR before 2014, we commonly do bad things, who are most of us just letting WPR will separate from NKRI, it is really like a nightmare. As Indonesian citizens who love the homeland, we should be obeyed the promises of independence on Augustn17, 1945, one of which is to protect all the people of Indonesia and the entire country of Indonesia. Indonesia without WPR is like a body without heart. The future of Indonesia depends on WPR. If WPR really separates from Indonesia, it might be the other cities will follow it. Indonesia may slowly be destroyed and ended in the formation of island states. The thing can not happen, therefore here in my paper, I will state two arguments and three solutions to make WPR will always be in NKRI ever after.

Body

The bulk of reasons

1.   History

Long before PEPERA in 1969, WPR has become a legitimate part of the NKRI. The principle of Uti Possedetis Juris was recognized in international law and had been widely practiced in many countries. This principle basically stated that border the former colonies are then independent, following the country's borders before independence. By corollary, WPR automatically switches the status of a part of the current territory of the Republic of Indonesia since the proclamation of August 17, 1945. Thing as it was also supported by speech voiced by Bung Karno in Papua.

Bung Karno's speech in Kota Baru, Jayapura, on May 4, 1963:

“Indonesian homeland was all the territory that was colonized by the Dutch, who once called the Dutch East Indies, who first called Nederlands Indië. That's the territory of the Republic of Indonesia....”

Therefore WPR Main Problem was not welfare, but the problem was sabotage region conducted by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia against Netherlands. WPR was one area that had been prepared Dutch Decolonization to Independence in the future as some areas in the Pacific, such as Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Vanuatu, etc. The factors that lead to the Netherland must go back to WPR.

In its implementation as it had been mentioned above that the Netherlands had not been willing to release WPR to be independence. The Netherlands wanted to make Western New Guinea as a separate country, by reason of there were ethnic differences. Besides the Netherland's reluctance in releasing WPR also due to there was its government center in Hollandia (Jayapura) which was the topography was very similar to the Netherland north coast. The unwillingness of the Netherlands in releasing the WPR which then brings the political status of WPR had to come a long way in various fora, such as: KMB, New York Agreement, Pepera etc, and finalizing the UN General Assembly on 19 November 1969. Started with the diplomacy ways till violence ways, both of them are taken.

a.      The diplomacy way:

Linggarjati Agreement (1947), Renville Agreement (1948), Round Table Conference (1949).

b.     The violence way (military operation):

Trikora (Tri Komando Rakyat, 1961), Komando Mandala (1962).

c.      The diplomacy way that asks a help from Amerika.

The plan of bunker (1962), UNTEA (1962), New York Agreement (1963), UNTEA (1962), PEPERA (1969).

The long fora had been passed by Indonesia in order to want retake Papua to NKRI. Time, energy, thoughts, victim, money of the services from the heroes had been given in order to keep intact the regions of NKRI since the proclamation of Indonesia independence till now. Youth Pledge (On October 28, 1928) was authentic evidence that there were so many Indonesian want to have independence. Youth Pledge was the birth process was the result of a hard struggle for hundreds of years the people who wereunder occupation line or oppressed under the rule of the colonialists, the conditions of oppression was then pushed the spirit of the youth at the time determined in order to raise the dignity of the Indonesian people, determination that was the commitment to the struggle of Indonesian achieved independence 17 years later, on the date of August 17, 1945. Started from KMB till New York Agreement were facts that Indonesian seriously wanted to maintain all the regions of NKRI.

As the implementation of the New York Agreement was officially Netherlands submitted West Papua Region to UNTEA. Then on May 1, 1963, PBB submitted WPRto Indonesia. Bung Karno's struggle finally paid off. On August 15, 1962, Indonesia and Netherlands signed the New York Agreement facilitated by PBB.

Government takeover of WPR by UNTEA was recorded in General Assembly Resolution of PBB1752 on September 21, 1962. Therefore on October 1, 1962 was officially done transfer of power from Netherlands Government to UNTEA. On December 31, 1962 finally the flag of the Netherlands territory was lowered from WPR and instead of it the Indonesia flag was hoisted side with the flag of PBB (UNTEA).

2.   Politics

The role politics plays a role among developed countries in fighting WPR from Indonesia, such as Netherlands, Germany, America (Freeport), and England (BP). Then who will be the powerful nations, it will be the winners.

a.   Netherlands, Germany, England

Since 1866, Papua Island was divided in three colonial European countries, namely: Netherlands, English, and Germany. East part of the island of Papua that was by European nations known as Papua New Guinea occupied by Germany and the UK. After going through the PBB / Trust Territory of New Guinea both regions, then entrusted to Australia and the administration put together in the Territory of Papua New Guinea. While the western part Papua Island by the Europeans who were more commonly known by the name of West Papua controlled by Netherland and named Netherland New Guinea.

Through the article entitled “Dont use your data as pillow” whose written by Eben S.Kersey could be known that in 1998 England also participated as colonialist to take WPR from NKRI like other developed countries. The way England took WPR through British Petroleoum (BP).  BP played the sly way in order to influence WPR to get their own independence.  BP’s slay way was, namely creating conflicts among TNI, Militer (Police), and OPM (WPR’s separatist movement). The sly way had succeed influence WPR to separate from NKRI.

b.   Amerika (Freeport)

Through Trikora and Komando Mandala, Indonesian still could not fight against Netherlands. It was caused Netherlands had been more sophisticated equipment. Netherlands lowered Parent Karel Doorman ship that had sank Yosudarso Ship. Finally, Sukarno decided to find another way to knock out the Netherlands in Papua.

       Sukarno sought help from the president of the United States to mediate the power struggle between Indonesia and Netherland. After that John. F. Kennedy was willing to help by providing a requisite. Its requisite is that Indonesia should allow America to plant a stake in WPR. If WPR could ultimately controlled by Indonesia and Indonesia then willing. Therefore, America sent former of an America ambassador India as a mediator between Indonesia and Netherlands. His name was Mr. Elsworht Bunker. After Papua to be independence, Indonesia done its appointment to America, finally Employment Contract PT. Freeport was signed in 1967 (before the 1969 referendum).

      

Conclusion

The bulk of solutions

After WPR absolutely came back to NKRI since on May 1, 1963 till 1998, WPR was still not acquire the promises of the whole Indonesia independence. According to an article whose written by Eben S.Kersey entitled "Dont use your data as pillow", can be seen that the condition in Papua is still not safe, there are still a lot of conflict, violence, and murder. Eben who is a researcher from America managed to find the cause of the conflict in WPR over the years and the cause of all the violence that is caused by foreign nations vying for control of natural resources in WPR by using all ways. Through print and electronic media also provides the condition in WPR same as Eben wrote. Here, there are provided three solutions to solve peacefulness that still happens in WPR which is caused by colonialist and rogue elements are not responsible.

1. The Indonesian government should be more intense supervise and regulate the use of APBD funds for the right target.

Many assumptions sprung up that "Indonesia does not want welfare WPR, Indonesia just wants to take its natural resources.” Before judging Indonesia like the statement, needs to be known APBD funds already granted by Indonesia in WPR annually always on is given without absent.

APBD funds are provided by the central government to improve infrastructure. But in fact at all the infrastructures are still not showing improvement toward a better than ever. Therefore, the Indonesian government should be more intense supervise and regulate the use of APBD funds for the right target, which can actually fix the infrastructure. The central government should immediately make regulations in overseeing the APBD funds, because soon the world will be held throughout the free market where companies or employers could freely in and out of Indonesia, which may lead to areas of WPR will certainly be contested many countries.

2.  Significant approach to all foreign companies that are instilled stock.

Regarding the violent conflict in WPR is caused by BP. To open a foreign company in in a country there is certainly regulations/permits that must be followed (before the free market). Therefore the government should be more intense about their coming and going of foreign companies in Indonesia and may have someone who supervises the course of the performance of the foreign company itself.

There should be a significant approach from the central government, local governments of Papua, province or city to all foreign companies that are instilled stock. Seeing the problems that occur can be seen clearly that the source of the problem is the lack of supervision of the government itself to all foreign companies who are going and coming investing their stocks.

 3. Indonesian government and society should (maybe a bit more) attention to Papua by using these ways, namely:

·     The tourist’s visit needs to be increased

·     The presence of young Indonesia volunteers should be sent to Papua to participate welfare at WPR in all areas.

·     The government programs not only in the center but also in the areas that need to be welfare or isolated areas that can not be reached by the government.

·     Held on dispersed abroad programs, also the people of WPR to various metropolitan areas, so that they can learn and know how has been evolving era in Indonesia, which later, the people of WPR dispersed abroad when returning to WPR, WPR could make so much more prosperous.

If those things are done by one or two people will not have a considerable impact, all parties and elements that exist in Indonesia should work together to do and apply it.
  

In my conclusion:

The Indonesian government that should be blamed for the problems in WPR is going from the first to the present. The lack of supervision to the entry of foreign companies and the lack of level review of APBD funds. Because of those reasons causes on ultimately abused by rogue elements irresponsible, thus causing WPR that is no longer trust with Indonesia.

The best solution is to start by fixing the roots, namely Indonesian Government itself. It is just the surface roots, inside the roots is the preformance Local Government of WPR. If the Government is already strong in their own country, it is certain, Idealism and Nationalism defense against the state will also be strong. Idealism and Papuan nationalism as it has been known to have no more power because the Indonesian Government and the Regional Government of WPR itself which allow rogue elements are not responsible to take over Papua.

Indonesian society itself including WPR, to support the Government, when the system of government is correct, while if it is still not correct, Indonesian people should move, united and strong to fight the government with a system that's all for the sake of change better Indonesia. As already discussed in the previous paragraph, if those things are done by one or two people will not have a considerable impact, all parties and elements that exist in Indonesia should work together to do and apply it.

References:

 

·       1.  West Papua History (May 8 , 2014) available form http://www.oocities.org/west_papua/history.htm

·        Pemerintah Masa Orde Lama Orde Baru Reformasi dan Otonomi  Daerah (May 9, 2014) available form http://ahmadseptianariando.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/pemerintahan-masa-orde-lama-orde-baru-reformasi-dan-otonomi-daerah/

·        2. Perjuangan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (May 10, 2014) available from

http://darathree.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/perjuangan-kemerdekaan-indonesia/

 

·        3. Menurut Bung Karno Papua Sudah Menjadi Nkri Walaupun Tanpa Pepera Bagian (May 10, 2014) available from  http://politik.kompasiana.com/2012/03/16/menurut-bung-karno-papua-sudah-menjadi-nkri-walaupun-tanpa-pepera-bagian-2-447305.html

·       4.  Peranan Dunia Internasional Dan (May 11, 2014) available from

http://widhisejarahblog.blogspot.com/2011/01/peranan-dunia-internasional-dan.html

·        5. Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (May 10, 2014) available form

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penentuan_Pendapat_Rakyat

·        6. Perjuangan BangsaIndonesia Dalam (May 10, 2014) available from

http://suryaagoez.blogspot.com/2011/01/perjuangan-bangsa-indonesia-dalam.html

The Real Discoverer of The America

Free Writing: Critical Review

Writing and Composition 4

Introduction

This paper tells a critical insight or perspective on Howard Zinn’s article entitled “Speaking Truth to Power with Books”. Zinn in his article states that history can be made become a lie or a truth, it depends on the writer make it. As Zinn states that truly a book can affect its readers with using its powerful effect precisely. It means that book can change reader’s point of view based on what the writer have written, what the writer think and what the writer want. For example, it happens in book whose is written by Zinn also, entitled “A People's History of the United States”.The book reveals who the real discoverer of America is. Here in my paper, I am going to critique Zinn’s article and try to complement all the weaakness which are available.

Christopher Columbus (native Genoa Name: ChristoffaCorombo). He was born October 30, 1451 - passed away May 20, 1506 at the age of 54 years) was an explorer and trader from Genoa Italy, who crossed the Atlantic and came to the America on October 12, 1492. In many parts of the world had already known about the original historical facts about Columbus, figures which was always mentioned as the discoverer of the America. Therefore, every year there was a special day which was called "Columbus Day" as a memorial for his contribution as the discoverer of the America. The Columbus Day was first celebrated in 1792 in New York. 1792 was a sign of 300 years of the arrival of Columbus. Columbus Day became a national holiday in 1937. For many years, all over the world were affected by the history of America which stating that the great discoverer of the America was Christopher Columbus. The evidence from various historical literacy that was making the whole world believe how great the contribution of Columbus.

Columbus Day was always celebrated every year by the people of the United States. The figure of Columbus became famous and the American people think of him as a hero. However, after the appearance of the book “A People's History of the United States”, whose written by HorwardZinn, instantaneous explained that the history of Columbus as a discoverer of the America had beendoubtful by the whole world. It seemed the whole world, was affected the writing which was made by Zinn.

Summary

            There are several basic points that Zinn wrote on Columbus, whom we perceive as the hero and the great discoverer of America. 

            The first chapter was because it was upsetting to those brought up in the United Sates who learned about Columbus the hero, Columbus the great discoverer, Columbus the pious Bible reader. To read about Columbus as a murderer, a torturer, a kidnapper, a mutilator of native people, a hypocrite, a greedy man looking for gold, willing to kill people and mutilate people, it was shocking. “Well if I have been lied to about Columbus, about what else have I been lied to?” just giving people certain information about one situation may lead them to look for what else has been concealed from them.

            Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922 - January 27, 2010) was an American historian, author, playwright, and social activist. He was a professor of political science at Boston University for 24 years and taught history course at Spelman College for 7 years. Zinn wrote more of the 20 books. Nevertheless among the books that hewas written, there was only one book which the best-selling sales level. A People's History of the United States, the book which when the book was first published in 1980 only sold four thousand copies, and furthermore had sold out nearly two million copies and was reprinted five times. The book places its author became famous and debated by many whole people in the world. What was interesting from the Zinn's book was certainly his courage to reveal the dark side of the history of the new continent. In his book, Zinn revealedvarious of lies that had been composed for many long years by a Columbus. Through this literacy practices, Columbus successfully influenced the whole world that he was the discoverer of the America. However, the American historian finally successful in uncovering who exactly Columbus through literacy practices as well.

In the book “A People's History of the United States,”Zinn revealed who the real Columbus. Columbus was not a hero or a great discoverer. Columbus was a murderer, torturer, kidnapper, so on. Columbus raping the daughter from one of the Spanish nobleman who was aged 13 years.The courts could not decide he should be put to death. Occurred in 1491 and a priest named Father Perez mediate on behalf of Columbus, appealed to Queen Isabella to fund Columbus that if he succeeded be able to convert the native Christians, and finally Queen Isabella sent him on a mission to find a new continent (meanwhile the main goal was seek India) and then in the hope Columbus could not go back.

When finally Columbus first landed in America Blue Continent, he still estimated this continent was the land of India. The purpose of Columbus came to India was to get the gold, and he also wanted to get the technology. At that time the natives greeted Columbus with joy. However, contrary what Columbus wrote in his journal?

"They brought us parrots, balls of cotton and spears and many other things as a gift. They willingly traded everything they have. They did not bear arms, when I showed the sword. They had no iron. Their spears were made of cane. They would be easily conquered become slaves by us. With only fifty men, we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want."

Columbus also wrote,

"I believed that they would easily become Christians artificial, because it seemed like they had no religion."

In his diary, Columbus admitted that when he arrived in India (when it was still believed he had found India, not America), he tortured the natives, hanging, whip, just after the important information: where was there gold?

Helen Ellerbe, in "The Dark Side of Christian History" described the savagery of Columbus. In addition to torture, he also frequently raped indigenous women and whipping them for sheer pleasure.

After we know who the real Columbus through a book whose is written by Howard Zinn and Helen Ellerbe, and whether it is still appropriate that Columbus mentioned as discoverer great figures of the America?  Is it still appropriate also that Columbus revered by the American people as a hero? Is it still appropriate the whole world believe that Columbus is the person who first discovered the America? And is it still appropriate the whole world celebrate "Columbus Day"? After the whole world has known the facts are astonishing lies above the extraordinary cruelty done Columbus. He was a murderer, a rapist, and a person who actively participated in the genocide that eventually causing the death of the 20 million indigenous people at India in Haiti.

Columbus is only a trader and explorer cruel. He also do not discover the America. He has already not been appropriate if he is still revered as a hero by both the American people and the whole world. It stands to reason we should stretch the existing history that the discoverer of the Americaactually is not Columbus, and therefore do not need to be celebrated Columbus Day anymore.

It is a remarkable thing, the lies about who actually Columbus history can be revealed through the literacy practices. Through the article and bookthat is made by the American historian finally the truth can be revealed. Howard Zinn makes the whole world realize the importance of literacy practices in the course of history. Authenticdata form of books Zinn tirelessly searching and reading so that collected objective evidence of who is actually a Christopher Columbus. Literacy practices and history is something that can not be separated. Without literacy practices, history will never exist. And the opposite, without any historyies, literacy practices is not so useful functionality like this.Literacy practices in the form of reading and writing have extraordinary impacts, especially for a literati. Because only a literati who can write history and flip-feedback history. The results of this literacy practice in the form of books and knowledge. And they were a repository of authentic data history neatly.

A world-class journalist, she once said: "I read because I want to change society.” Her own perspectives on reading are very impressive. Apparently, reading is not just to fill time or entertain you. More than that, reading is the work of civilization. Reading is an activity and a creative process that can change the direction and the course of history. The course of history many more influenced by the activity of reading. As empirical evidence, Zinn can reveal who the Columbus is, through the practice of literacy activities such as reading and writing. Books are the result of literacy practices. Those books are used to find out about the history that has existed. Zinn in his book entitled "Speaking Truth to Power with Book," he writes that the book is affecting readers. History can be reversed by literati, even so the truth can be revealed.

Main Body (Critique)

There are some points on Columbus that are neglected in Zinn’s article: 

The first, after knowing who is actually a Christopher Columbus that he is not the person who discovered the America. Then,  whothe realdiscoverer of the America is.What a pity,Zinn in his book "A People's History of the United States," only revealed Columbus's liesthat he is a cruel andis not the person who discovered the America. Hedoes not explain who the real discoverer of the America. The important thing which is certainly all readers know that the real discoverer of America is, after they know that Columbus is just a cruel and killer person. Meanwhile Zinn can not tell it in his article.

The second, in his article Zinn use much words which is so difficult to understand what he actually mean. It cause all readers have to have full concentration to catch Zinn’s point of view. He always describes many things which is not to do point. For example, when Zinn told about Columbus’s lies, he writes it is with not explicitly.

Conclusion

There are some basic points that can be concluded from Zinn’s article:

Various historical sources have sprung up to uncover who actually discovered the America. There are sources which state that Columbus was not the first to arrive in America, which he found was already occupied. He was also not the first Europeans to the continent, because now widely recognized that the Norsemen of Northern Europe had visited North America in the 11th century and founded the colony of L'Anse aux Meadows for a brief period. There were estimated that the sailors which not recognizable been to America before Columbus. There were also many theories about the expedition to America by various people all the time.

In addition, there was also a historical source which says that Muslims that discovered the America at first times. Based on, the field observations and perspectives of America of Indian tribes (Cherokee) that the real discoverers of the America were Moeslims. Here are empirical evidences:

v Today, when we opened most advanced American-made map Rand McNally and look at the names of places. Almost in all parts of the continent would be found traces of Muslims long before Columbus. In the middle of the city of Los Angeles, for example, there were areas Alhambra, El-Morro bay and al-Amitos and regional names such as Andalusia, attilla, Alla, Aladdin, Albany, Al-Cazar, Alameda, Alomar, al-Mansor, Almar, Alva , Amber, Azuredan La Habra.

v In the middle of America, from south to Illinois were the names of the city of Albany, Andalusia, Attalla, Lebanon and Tullahoma. In Washington states there was the city of Salem. In the Caribbean (derived from the Arabic Qariiban) and Central America are regions called Jamaica, Cuba Island (from the Quba) with its capital Havana (La-Habana). Also the names of the island of Grenada, Barbados, Bahamas and Nassau.

v According to Drs. Youssef Mroueh, today in North America there are 565 place names, whether states, cities, rivers, mountains, lakes and villages which taken from the name of Islam or the name of the root words from Arabic. The rest, as many as 484 names found in the United States and 81 in Canada. These names given by the natives that had existed before Columbus set his foot in America.

v Dr. A. Zahoor also writes that the name of this part of the state such as Alabama came from the word of Allah. Name of the state of Arkansas, derived from the word Arkan-Sah and Tenesse of Tanasuh. Similarly, the name of big cities such as Tallahassee, Florida, derived from the Arabic word which means "of Allah would bestow something in the future.”

v Dr. Mroueh also wrote, he noted a few names such as the name of the holy city of Mecca in Indiana. Medina was the most popular name in America. Medina was located in Idaho, Medina in New York, Medina and Hazen in North Dakota. Medina in Ohio, Medina in Tenesse. Medina in Texas with a population of 26 thousand inhabitants. Medina in Ontario Canada, the city Mahomet in Illinois, Moda in Utah and Arva in Ontario Canada.

v When Columbus landed in the Bahamas, October 12, 1492, the island had been named Guanahani by its inhabitants. Guanahani comes from the Arabic word ikhwana (brother), and then taken to the language Mandika (Islamic kingdoms in western Africa) which meant "brothers Hani family place". But then Columbus was "arbitrarily" gave it the name of San Salvador, and seized the island from the first owner.

v Today, if we visited Washington, and had visited the Library of Congress (Library of Congress), and asked the U.S. government archives treaty with the Cherokee Indians, one of the leading tribe of Indians, in 1787. In the archives in fact be found signatures Cherokee Chief at the time, named Abdel Khak and Muhammad Ibn Abdullah. Cherokee tribal name itself wasestimated comes from the Arabic Sharkee. The contents of the agreement included the right of the Cherokees to establish its presence in the field of trade and tribal government that turned out to be based on Islamic law.Furthermore, you would find women dress habits Cherokee that covers aurat, whereas, the men wear a turban and robe of the knees. The ways to wear dress like that was only can be found in a photograph or painting the Cherokees which were photographed before 1832. Cherokee chiefs last before slowly extinct or be cut off from the mainland United States is a Muslim named RamadhanIbnWati.

v All about Cherokee alphabet which then examined, explored and revived by a prominent modern Cherokee named Sequoyah, was that there are similarities between the Cherokee alphabet called Syllabari with Arabic script. Even some of the old Cherokee heritage sculptures in Nevada, it had some similarities with Arabic script.

v Even more surprising is, it turned out the relationship of Islamic / Arabic not only to Cherokke tribes, but also with other Indian tribes, such as the Anasazi, Apache, Arawak, Arikana, Chavin Cree, Makkah, Hohokam, Hupa, Hopi, Mahigan, Mohawk, Nazca , Zulu, and Zuni. Some Indian chiefs also wear distinctive headgear like corang Islam. For example chieftain Chippewa, Creek, Iowa, Kansas, Miami, Potawatomi, Sauk, Fox, Seminole, Shawnee, Sioux, Winnebago, and Yuchi. This was evidenced in the photographs between 1835 to 1870.

Many sources and Western Perspectives said so that the Muslims who first discovered the American continent. The following empirical evidence:

v The first, in his book, Saga America (New York, 1980), Dr. Barry Fell, archaeologists and linguists nationality New Zealand graduate of Harvard University showed detailed evidence that centuries before Columbus, has settled the Muslims from North and West Africa in the American continent. No wonder if Pima Indian community language and Algonquain had some vocabulary which comes from Arabic. In the state of Inyo and California, Dr. Barry found some Islamic calligraphy written in Arabic, one of which reads "Jesus bin Maria" which means "Jesus is Maria’s son.” The calligraphy was certainly coming from Islamic teachings which only recognizes, the prophet Jesus as human child, and not the son of God. Dr.Barry stated that the age of this calligraphy was several centuries older than the United States. Even further, Dr. Barry found the ruins, the remains of equipment, text, diagram, and some of the illustrations on the rocks for the purposes of education in Islamic schools. Writing, diagrams, and illustrations of these were a mathematics, history, geography, astronomyand sea navigation. Everything was written in Kufic Arabic script from North Africa. The discovery of the remains of these Islamic schools were found in several locations such as the Valley of Fire, Allan Springs, Logomarsino, Keyhole, Canyon Washoe, Hickison Summit Pas (Nevada), Mesa Verde (Colorado), Mimbres Valley (New Mexico) and Tipper Canoe (Indiana ). Islamic schools were thought to function in AD 700-800. The same information was also written by Donald Cyr in his book entitled "Exploring Rock Art (Satnabarbara, 1989)."

v The second, in his book "Africa and the Discovery of America (1920)," the historian of Harvard University, Loe Weiner, wrote that Columbus was actually well aware of the presence of Muslims scattered in the Caribbean, North America, Central and South America, including Canada. But unlike Columbus who wanted to dominate and enslave the Native Americans, Muslims came to trade, assimilation and intermarriage with the people of India Iroquis and Algonquin tribes. Columbus also admitted, in a voyage between Gibara and Beach Cuba, October 21, 1492, he saw the mosque stands on a hill with beautiful. On this time, the ruins of the mosques that have been found in Cuba, Mexico, Texas and Nevada.

v The third, John Boyd Thacher in his book, Christopher Columbus, published in New York, 1950, showed that Columbus had written that on Monday, October 21, 1492, when he was sailing near Cibara, the southeastern coast of Cuba, he saw a mosque on top beautiful hilltop. Meanwhile, in a series of anthropological research, anthropologists and archaeologists discovered the ruins of several mosques and minaret, and the verses of the Qur'an in Cuba, Mexico, Texas and Nevada.

v The fourth, Clyde Ahmad Winters in his book "Islam in Early North and South America," which was published by the publisher of Al-Ittihad, July 1977, page 60 mentioned that the anthropologists who did the research had found inscriptions in Arabic in the valley of the Mississippi and Arizona. The inscription explained that the first Muslim immigrants also brought elephants from Africa. Whereas Ivan Van Sertima, who was known for his work, "They Came Before Columbus," found similarities architecture of Native Americans with African Muslims. In another book "African Presence in Early America," had also confirmed the existence of the Muslim settlements Africa before the arrival of Columbus in America.

v The fifth, the German historian, Alexander Von Wuthenan also provided evidence that Moeslims were in America in 300-900 AD. It means that Muslims already in the American continent, at least half a century before Columbus was born. Evidence in the form of wood carving human-shaped head, which is similar to the Arabs, estimated carved in 300 and 900 AD Some other wood carvings were photographed and researched, it turns out to have similarities with the Egyptians.

v The sixth, one of book from by Gavin Menzies, a former sailor which published the results of its search, found map of the four islands in the Caribbean which was made in 1424 and signed by ZuannePissigano, he is a cartographer of Venezia, which has been translated into Indonesian. The means made ​​68 years before Columbus landed in America. Two islands on this map then identified as Puertorico and Guadalupe.

Various perspectives have sprung up about who real found the America for the first time. But the most authentic evidence of historical relics which had shown that there were Moeslims which real found the Americafor the first time. This was proven by the various cultures that exist within the continent would show strong Islamic culture. As has been said by a German historian, Alexander Von Wuthenan also provided evidence that Moeslims were in America in 300-900 AD. It meantthat Muslim already in the United States, at least half a century before Columbus was born.

Thereby, the usefulness of literacy practices is a role which can not be separated in influencing the course of history. Literacy practices in the form of history about Christopher Columbus as a first time setting foot in the new continent can be known the truth through literacy practices which undertaken by Howard Zinn. And finally the truth about who actually found the America at the first time can be revealed. The impact of literacy practices is a major role in influencing the course of history, whether which history is truth or lie.

References:

1.  BudayaLiterasi. (2014. March 18). Available from  http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2013/04/05/budaya-literasi-548542.html

2.      InilahFaktaNyataKebringasan Columbus Si PenemuBenuaAmerika (2014, March 17) available from

http://forum.viva.co.id/sejarah/1012160-inilah-fakta-nyata-kebringasan-columbus-si-penemu-benua-amerika.html

3.      TernyataPenemuBenuaAmerikaBukan Christopher Colombus (2014, March 19) available from

https://ahmadsamantho.wordpress.com/2012/03/02/ternyata-penemu-benua-amerika-bukan-christopher-colombus/

4.    KristoforusKolombus (2014, March 18) available from

      http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoforus_Kolumbus

5.    KebohonganAmerikaTentang Christopher Columbus (2014, March 18) available from

http://daulahislam.com/unique/sejarah-unique/kebohongan-amerika-tentang-christopher-columbus.html